Professor Rolla C. Carpenter

Rolla Clinton Carpenter (1852–1919, M.A.C. ’73, M.S. ’76, LL.D. ’07) has never had a campus building named for him, nor other significant tribute, but he nevertheless was a major asset to the Michigan Agricultural College’s early development. During a fifteen-year tenure at M.A.C., he built the initial foundation upon which the M.S.U. College of Engineering stands today.

Carpenter earned his B.S. from M.A.C. in 1873, then worked for a year as civil engineer for a railroad company before the University at Ann Arbor awarded him a C.E. degree in 1875. He took his M.S. in 1876 from the Agricultural College.

When Rolla Carpenter was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering at M.A.C. in 1875, it filled a gap in the curriculum that had more or less been lacking since classes began.^† Professor Carpenter taught a complete spectrum of interrelated classes including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, mechanics, civil engineering, surveying, and French. He also taught astronomy, holding class three nights a week on the flat roof of Williams Hall until 1880, when he built the Observatory. “A brother, Louis G. Carpenter, ’79, joined him in 1881 to teach algebra, geometry, and free-hand drawing. This released Rolla to teach mechanical drawing and later agricultural engineering in a shop which he fitted out in the original brick stable.”¹

Rolla Carpenter expanded the coursework in “mechanics” enough that when the state legislature appropriated funds to establish a new Mechanical course in 1885, Carpenter was tasked with planning its course of study alongside the newly appointed Professor of Mechanic Arts, Lewis McLouth. Carpenter also designed and supervised construction of the Engineering Shops, which were funded by the same appropriation. He designed both the course and the shops in line with his teaching goal, which was to develop engineers. McLouth’s goal was to train students to become journeymen mechanics, which might have caused some friction; McLouth’s replacement in 1887, William F. Durand, was more in agreement with Carpenter’s viewpoint.²

In addition to teaching and building up what would later become the core of the Department of Engineering, R. C. Carpenter handled a range of other assignments, such as managing the earliest football team (for a year) and supervising the manufacture of some 400,000 bricks at the College brickyard. Meanwhile his keen surveyor’s eye and steady draftsman’s hand touched much of the early campus and city. A partial list of his engineering accomplishments follows:

• 1875: Designed the second Farm Lane bridge.
• 1877: Designed and supervised construction of a dam on the Red Cedar River (designing his own pile driver in the process).
• 1880: Designed and built an ice house near the river, and the aforementioned Observatory.
• 1883–1884: Installed fire hydrants, connected by underground wooden pipes to a three-hundred-barrel tank in the Williams Hall tower and fed by a well near the river.
• 1884: Designed and supervised construction of the first boiler house, which generated heat for Wells, Williams, the Chemistry building, and the Library–Museum.
• 1885: As mentioned, designed the Mechanical Shops.
• 1887: Along with Prof. Beal, platted the first subdivision in what would become East Lansing—Collegeville.

Beal and Kuhn also credit him with designing the Agricultural Laboratory in 1889, but contemporary reports by both Carpenter and Professor of Agriculture Samuel Johnson credit Johnson as the architect. Rather, Carpenter supervised the building’s construction, as he did with the Union Lit hall the following year. Despite all the places he built during his fifteen years on the faculty, with the exception of Collegeville none of Carpenter’s local creations remain.³

In 1890, Rolla Carpenter accepted a position as Associate Professor of Experimental Engineering at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. (His replacement at M.A.C. Herman K. Vedder was, in a good example of cross-pollination between land-grant schools, a Cornell grad.) Relieved of the burden of constructing a rapidly growing institution, and earning a salary at Cornell “much higher than the $1,800 which was uniform for department heads here,” Carpenter found the time to publish his extensive knowledge: the popular textbook Experimental Engineering and Manual for Testing in 1890; a widely regarded as definitive work, Heating and Ventilating Buildings: a Manual for Heating Engineers and Architects, in 1891; and co-author of Internal Combustion Engines: Their Theory, Construction and Operation in 1908. Each of these books saw several revised editions in subsequent years, a testament to their educational importance. (Frightfully, no physical copies of these books are in the M.S.U. Library, although all three are available online at archive.org and other sources.)⁴

Carpenter also worked as a consulting engineer for sundry portland cement companies, constructed numerous power stations for electric railways, was the patent expert in several important cases, and in 1893 served as a judge of machinery and transportation at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In 1907, Carpenter returned to M.A.C. for the Semicentennial commencement exercises, where an honorary Doctorate of Laws was bestowed upon him for having “rendered [the College] valuable service,” and for his “engineering skill and ability as a designer of great construction.”⁵

Five Carpenter siblings were graduates of the Agricultural College: Rolla Clinton ’73, William Leland ’75 (Michigan Supreme Court justice 1902–1904), Louis George ’79, Mary Lucy ’88, and Jennette Coryell Carpenter ’98. Their cousin Eva Diann Coryell ’79 was the first woman to graduate from M.A.C.; the second to graduate, Mary Cliff Merrill (’81, M.S. ’86), married Louis Carpenter in 1887.^†† The Carpenters were truly an M.A.C. family.⁶

1. Kuhn, p. 104. ↩︎
2. Kuhn, pp. 147, 149. ↩︎
3. Beal, p. 272. Kuhn, pp. 105, 159. CEE website. 28th AR (1889), p. 33. 29th AR (1890), pp. 54–55. ↩︎
4. Kuhn, pp. 151, 170. ↩︎
5. Beal, p. 417. Blaisdell, p. 260. ↩︎
6. MAC Catalog (1900), pp. 37–88. ↩︎

1. † T.C. Abbot was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering in 1859, but that position vanished in the Reorganization of 1861. Mathematics was taught by Calvin Tracy (1857–1860) and Oscar Clute ’62 (1863–1867) but had not had a specific professor since then.↩︎
2. †† This group includes three members of The Twenty-One.↩︎